A Victim of Heredity
Or, Why the Darkey Loves Chicken
I went to North Carolina a few years after the war with some hopeful views in regard to the colored people. It was my idea that with the larger opportunities of freedom they would improve gradually and learn in due time to appreciate the responsibilities of citizenship. This opinion, based on simple faith in human nature, which is much the same the world over, I never saw any good reason to change.
There were a few of my dusky neighbors, however, who did not shake off readily the habits formed under the old system, and I suffered more or less, from petty thievery. So long as it was confined to grapes on the vine, or roasting-ears, hanging fruit, or an occasional watermelon, I did not complain so much; but one summer, after several raids upon my henhouse, I determined to protect my property. I therefore kept watch one night, and caught a chicken-thief in the very act. I locked him up in a strongly-built smokehouse, where I thought he would be safe until morning.
I made up my mind, before I went to sleep, that an example must be made of this miscreant. Knowing that the law in North Carolina, as elsewhere, was somewhat elastic, and the degree of punishment for crime largely dependent upon the vigor of the prosecution. I decided that five years in the penitentiary would be about right for this midnight marauder. It would give him time to break off the habit of stealing, and would strike terror to the hearts of other evildoers.
In the morning I went down to the smokehouse to inspect my captive. He was an insignificant looking fellow, and seemed very much frightened. I sent him down something to eat, and told him I was going have him taken to jail.
During breakfast I turned the matter over in my mind, and concluded that five yearsâ imprisonment would be a punishment rather disproportioned to the offence, and that perhaps two years in the penitentiary would be an equally effective warning.
One of my servants was going to town toward noon, with a load of grapes for shipment to the nearest market, and I wrote a note to the sheriff, Mr. Weems, requesting him to send a constable out to take charge of the thief. The ink was scarcely dry before it occurred to me that over-severity in the punishment of crime was often productive of harm, and had seldom resulted in any good, and that in all probability, taking everything into consideration, a year in jail in the neighborhood would be ample punishment, and a more impressive object-lesson than a longer term in the more distant penitentiary.
During the afternoon I learned, upon inquiry, that my captive had a large family and a sick wife; that because of a trifling disposition he was without steady employment, and therefore dependent upon odd jobs for a livelihood. But while these personal matters might be proper subjects of consideration for the humanitarian, I realized that any false sentiment on my part would be dangerous to social order; and that property must be protected, or soon there would be no incentive to industry and thrift. I determined that the thief should have at least six months in jail, if I had to support his family during his incarceration.
I was sitting on the front piazza, indulging in a quiet smoke during the hot part of the afternoon, just after having arrived at the final conclusion, when old Julius came around the house, and, touching his hat, asked at what time my wife wished the rockaway brought round for our afternoon drive.
âI hardly think we shall go today,â I replied, âuntil the constable has come and taken that thief to jail. By the way, Julius,â I added with some severity, âwhy is it that your people canât let chickens alone?â
The old man shook his head sadly.
âItâs a mystâry, suh,â he answered with a sigh, âdat evâybody doan understanâ. Ef dey did, some un âem mought make moâ âlowance.â
My wife came out of the house and took a seat in an armchair near me, behind the honeysuckle vine.
âI am asking Julius to explain,â I said, âwhy his people are so partial to chickens.â
âI think it unkind, John,â returned my wife, âto charge upon a whole race the sins of one worthless individual. There are thieves wherever there is portable property, and I donât imagine colored people like chicken better than other people.â
Old Julius shook his head dissentingly. âI is bleedzd ter differ fum you dere, maâm,â he said, with as much positiveness as he was capable of in conversation with white people; âcullud folks is moâ fonder er chickân ân wâite folks. Dey canât heâp but be.â
âWhy so?â I asked. âIs it in the blood?â
âYouâs is hit it, suh, de fusâ staât-off. Yas, suh, dat is de facâ, tooby shoâ, en no mistake erbout it.â
âWhy, Uncle Julius!â exclaimed my wife with some show of indignation. âYou ought to be ashamed to slander your race in that way.â
âI begs yoâ pardon, maâm, ef it huâts yoâ feelinâs, but I ainâ findinâ no fault wid dem. Dey ainâ âsponsible fer dey tasâe fer chickân-meat. A wâite manâs ter blame fer dat.â
âWell,â I said, âthat statement is interesting. Sit down and tell us all about it.â
Julius took a seat on the top step, and laying his ragged straw hat beside him, began:
âLong yeahs befoâ de wah dey wuz a monstâus rich wâite gentâeman, nameâ Mars Donalâ McDonalâ, wâat useter lib down on de yuther side er de Wimâlâton Road. He hadnâ alluz beân rich, fer wâen he fusâ come ter dis country he wuz poâ, en he wukked fer a yeah er so as oberseah fer ernudder wâite man, âtel he had saveâ money ânuff ter buy one er two niggers, en den he rented a place on sheers, en bimeby he had bought a plantation en bought some moâ niggers en raiseâ some, âtel he âmenceâ ter be so well-off dat folks mosâ fergot he had eber beân a nigger-driber. He kepâ on gittinâ richer en richer, âtel finâlly he wuz one er de richesâ men in de county.
âBut he waânât satâsfied. He had a neffy, nameâ Tom, en Mars Donalâ had beân lefâ gyardeen fer dis yer neffy er hisân, en he had manageâ so dat wâen young Mars Tom growed up dey waânât nuffin at all lefâ er de fine proputty wâat young Mars Tomâs daddy had had wâen he died.
âFolks said Mars Donalâ had robâ his neffy, but dey waânât no way ter prove it. En moâdân dat, Mars Donalâ didnâ âpear ter lak Mars Tom a-tall atter he growed up, en turnt âim out in de worlâ ter shifâ fer hisseâf widout no money ner nuffin.
âMars Tom had beân coâtinâ fer lo! dese many yeahs his seconâ cousin, young Miss âLiza MâGuire, who useter lib on de yuther side er de ribber, en young Mars Tom wanter ter marry Miss âLiza monstâus bad. But wâen Mars Tom come er age, en Mars Donalâ say all his proputty done useâ up on his edication, Miss âLizaâs daddy say he wouldnâ âlow her ter marry Mars Tom âtel he make some money, er show her daddy how he wuz gwine ter suppoât Miss âLiza ef he married her.
âDe young folks waânât âlowed ter see one ernudder veây often, but Mars Tom had a batteau down on de ribber en he useter paddle ober sometimes ter meet Miss âLiza whuther er no.
âOne ebâninâ Mars Tom went down ter de ribber en ontied his batteau en wuz startinâ ter cross wâen he heared somebody holler. He looked rounâ en he see hit wuz aâ ole nigger âoman had fell in de ribber. She had sunk once, en wuz gwine down agâin, wâen Mars Tom cotch âer en pullâtâ er out, en gin er a drink er sumpân he had in a flasâ, en den tied his boat en heâped âer up de bank ter de top, whar she could git âlong by herseâf.
âNow, dis yer âoman wâat Mars Tom pullât outân de ribber des happenâ ter be ole Aunâ Peggy, de free-nigger cunjuh âoman wâat libbed down by de Wimâlâton Road. She had beân digginâ roots fer her cunjâinâ, en had got too close ter de ribber, en had fell in whar de water wuz deep en strong, en had come monstâus close ter beinâ drownded. Aunâ Peggy knowed all âbout Mars Tom en his uncle ole Mars Donalâ en his junesey Miss âLiza, en she made up her minâ dat she wuz gwine ter do sumpân fer young Mars Tom de fusâ chanst she got. She wuz wondârinâ wot kinder goopher she could wuk fer Mars Tom, wâen who should come ter see her one day but ole Mars Donalâ hisseâf.
âNow, wây Mars Donalâ come ter go ter see ole Aunâ Peggy wuz dis erway. Mars Donalâ had beân gittinâ richer en richer, en closeter en closeter, âtel heâd got so heâd mosâ skin a flea fer his hide en taller. But he waânât satâsfied, en he kepâ on projickinâ wid one thing en figârinâ on ernudder, fer ter see how he could git moâ en moâ. He wuz aâready wukkinâ his niggers ez haâd ez dey could stanâ, but he got his âcount-book out one day en âmenceâ ter cackilate wâat it cosâ âim ter feed his niggers, en it âpeared ter be a monstâus sum. En he âlowed ter hisseâf dat ef he could feed his niggers fer âbout half er wâat it had bâen costinâ âim, heâd save a heap er money evây yeah.
âCoâse evâybody knowed, en Mars Donalâ knowed, dat a fielâ-hanâ had ter hab so much bacon en so much meal and so much merlasses a week ter make âim fittinâ ter do his wuk. But Mars Donalâ âlowed dey mought be some way ter fool de niggers, er sumpân; so he tuk a silber dollar en went down ter see ole Aunâ Peggy.
âAunâ Peggy laid de silber dollar on de mantelpiece en heared wâat he had to say, en den she âlowed sheâd wuk her roots, en heâd hafter come back nexâ day en fetch her ernudder silber dollar, en sheâd tell âim wâat he shâd do.
âMars Donalâ staâted out, en beinâ ez Aunâ Peggyâs back wuz tuânt, he âlowed heâd take dat silber dollar âlong wid âim, beinâ ez she hadnâ tole âim nuffin, enâ heâd gin it ter her nexâ day. But wâen he pickâ up de silber dollar, it wuz so hot it buânt âis hanâ, he laid it down rale quick enâ went off rubbinâ his hanâ enâ cussinâ kinder sofâ ter hisseâf.
âDe nexâ day he went back, en Aunâ Peggy gun âim a goopher mixtry in a bottle.
âââYou take dis yer mixtry,â sez she, âen put it on yoâ niggers rashuns de nexâ time you gibs âem out, en den stidder âlowinâ yoâ hanâs a pounâ er bacon en a peck er meal en a quaât er merlasses, you gin âem half a pounâ er bacon en half a peck er meal en a pint er merlasses, en dey wonâ know de diffeânce. Facâ, dis yer goopher mixtryâll make de half look des lak de whole, enâ atter de niggers has once eat some er dat conjuâd meat en meal en merlasses itâs gwine ter take dey apâtites erway so deyâll be des ez well satâsfied ez ef dey had a side a bacon en a bairl er flour.â
âWâen Mars Donalâ staâted erway Aunâ Peggy sez, sez she:
âââYou done fergot dat yuther dollar, ainâ you, Mars Donalâ?â
âââOh, yes, Peggy,â sezee, âbut heah it is.â En Mars Donalâ retchâ down in his pocket en pullât out a hanâful er golâ en silber, en picked out a lead dollar en handed it ter Aunâ Peggy. Aunâ Peggy seed de dollar wuz bad, but she tuk it en didnâ let on. But ez Mars Donalâ wuz turninâ ter go âway, Aunâ Peggy sprinkleâ sumpân on dat lead dollar, en sez she:
âââO Mars Donalâ kin I get you ter change a twenty-dollar golâ piece fer me?â
âââYas, I reckon,â sezee.
âAunâ Peggy handed him de lead dollar, en he looked at it en bit it en sounded it on de table, en it âpeared ter be a branâ-noo golâ piece; so he tukân pullât out his puâse an gun Aunâ Peggy thâee five-dollar golâ pieces en five good silber dollars, en den he tuk his goopher mixtry en went âlong home wid it.
âWâen Mars Donalâ had gone, Aunâ Peggy sont a mawkinâ-bird fer ter tell young Mars Tom ter came en see her.
âMars Tom wuz gwine âlong de road one ebâninâ wâen he heared a mawkinâ-bird singinâ right close ter âim, enâ de mawkinâ-bird seemâ ter be a-sayinâ:
âââGo see ole Aunâ Peggy,
She wants ter see you bad,
Sheâll show you how ter git back
De lanâ yoâ daddy had.â
âMars Tom wuz studyinâ âbout sumpân eâse, en he didnâ pay no âtention ter wâat de mawkinâ-bird say. So pretty soon he heahs de mawkinâ-bird agâin:
âââGo en see Aunâ Peggy,
She wants ter see you bad,
Sheâs gwine ter heâp you git back
The golâ yoâ daddy had.â
âBut Mars Tom had sumpân eâse on his minâ, en he wuz gwine on down de road right pasâ whar Aunâ Peggy lib wâen de mawkinâ-bird come up en mosâ peâched on his shoulders, en sez, des ez plain ez ef he wuz talkinâ:
âââGo see ole Aunâ Peggy,
Er eâse youâll wush you had;
Sheâll show you how ter marry
De gal you wants so bad.â
âDat happenâ ter be des wâat Mars Tom wuz studyinâ erbout, en he âmenceâ ter âlow dey mought be sumpân in wâat dis yer mawkinâ-bird say, so he upânâ goes ter see Aunâ Peggy.
âAunâ Peggy say how glad she wuz ter see âim, en tolâ âim how sheâd beân wantinâ ter do sumpân fer âim. En den she âsplained âbout Mars Donalâ, en tole Mars Tom sumpân wâat he musâ go en do.
âââBut I ainâ got no money, Aunâ Peggy,â sezee.
âââNemmine,â sez Aunâ Peggy, âYou borry all de money you kin rake en scrape, en git all de credit you kin, en I ainâ beân cunjâinâ all dese yeahs fer nuffin, en Iâll lenâ you some money. But you do des ez I tell you, en doan git skeert, en evâythingâll tuân out des exacâly ez I say.â
âOle Mars Donalâ sprinkleâ de goopher mixtry on his niggersâ rashuns, nexâ Sunday mawninâ, en den sarved out half rashuns, des ez Aunâ Peggy say, en shoâ ânuff, de niggers didnâ âpear ter notice no diffeânce, des ez Aunâ Peggy say. En all de week none er de hanâs didnâ say nuffin âbout not habbinâ ânuff ter eat, en dey âpeared ter be des ez well satâsfied ez ef deyâd got dey regâlar rashuns.
âMars Donalâ figgered up his books at de eenâ er a week er so en founâ he had sabeâ so much money dat he âmenceâ ter wonder ef he couldnâ sabe some moâ. En beinâ ez de niggers wuz all gittinâ âlong so nice, en de cotton had beân laid by, en de fielâ-hanâs wouldnâ hab ter wuk so tarrable haâd fer a montâ er so, Mars Donalâ âlowed heâd use Aunâ Peggyâs goopher some moâ, en so he tukân sprinkleâ some moâ er de mixtry on de nexâ weekâs rashuns en den cut de rashuns in two once moâ; stidder givinâ de hanâs a half a peck er meal en a pint er merlasses en half a pounâ er bacon, he gun âem a quaâter er a peck er meal en half a pint er merlasses en foâ ounces er meat fer a weekâs rashuns. De goopher wukked des de same ez it had befoâ, en de niggers didnâ âpear ter notice no diffeânce. Mars Donalâ wuz tickleâ mosâ ter def, en kepâ dis up right along fer thâee er foâ weeks.
âBut Mars Donalâ had beân so busy figârinâ up his profits enâ countinâ his money, dat he hadnâ beân payinâ ez close âtention ter his niggers ez yushal, en fusâ thing he knowed, wâen de haâd wuk begun agâin, he âskivered dat mosâ er his niggers wuz so weak en feeble dat dey couldnâ haâdly git ârounâ de plantation; âpeared es ef dey had des useâ up all de strenk dey had, en den des all gun out at once.
âCoâse Mars Donalâ got skeert, en âmenceâ ter gibâ em dey regâlar rashuns. But somehow er nuther dey didnâ âpear ter hab no apâtite, en dey wouldnâ come fer dey rashuns wâen dey week wuz up, but âlowed dey had ânuff ter lasâ âem fer a montâ. En meanwâiles dey kepâ on gittin poâer an poâer, en weaker en weaker, âtel Mars Donalâ got so skeert he hastenâ back ter see ole Aunâ Peggy en axâ her ter take dat goopher offân his niggers.
âAunâ Peggy knowed wâat Mars Donalâ had done âbout cuttinâ down de rashuns, but she waânât ready to finish up wid Mars Donalâ yit; so she didnâ let on, but des gun âim ernudder mixtry, en tolâ âim fer to sprinkle dat on de niggersâ nexâ rashuns.
âMars Donalâ sprinkleâ it on, but it didnâ do no good, en nexâ week he come back agâin.
âââDis yer mixtry ainâ got no power, Peggy,â sezee. âIt ainâ âsturbâ de yuther goopher a-tall.â
âââI doan unnerstanâ dis,â sez Aunâ Peggy; âhow did you use dat fusâ mixtry I gun you?â
âWell, den Mars Donalâ âlowed how he had sprinkleâ it on de fusâ time, en how it wukked so good dat he had sprinkleâ it on de nexâ time en cut de rashuns in two agâin.
âââUh huh, uh huh!â âsponâ Aunâ Peggy, âlook wâat you gone en done! You waânât satâsfied wid wâat I tolâ you, en now you gone en got evâything all messâ up. I knows how ter take dat fusâ goopher off, but now you gone en double de strenk, en I doan know whuther I kin finâ out how to take it off er no. Anyhow, I got ter wuk my roots fer a week er so befoâ I kin tell. En wâileâs I is wukkinâ, you mought gib yoâ niggers sumpân a little better ter eat, en dey mought pick up a little. Sâposen you tries roasâ poâk?â
âSo Mars Donalâ killt all âis hawgs en fed his niggers on roasâ poâk fer a week; but it didnâ do âem no good, en at de eenâ er de week he went back ter Aunâ Peggy agâin.
âââIâs monstâus sorry,â she sez, âbut it ainâ my fault. Iâs wukkinâ my roots ez haâd ez I kin, but I ainâ founâ out how ter take de goopher off yit. Sâposân you feed yo hanâs on roasâ beef fer a week er so?â
âSo Mars Donalâ killt all âis cows en fed de niggers on roasâ beef fer a week, but dey didnâ pick up. En all dis time dey waânâ wukkinâ, en Mars Donalâs craps wuz gittinâ âway behinâ, en he wuz gwine mosâ âtracted fer fear he wuz bleedzd ter lose dem five hundâed niggers wâat he sot so much stoâ by. So he goes back ter ole Aunâ Peggy agâin.
âââPeggy,â sezee, âyou is got ter do sumpân fer me, er eâse Iâll be in de poâ-house fusâ thing I know.â
âââWell, suh,â sez Aunâ Peggy, âIâs beân doinâ all I knows how, but deyâs a root Iâs bleedzd ter hab, en it doan grow nowhar but down in Robeson County. En I got ter go down dere en gether it on a Friday night in de full er de moon. En I wonât be back yer fer a week or ten days.â
âMars Donalâ wuz mosâ outân his minâ wid waitinâ en losinâ money. âBut sâposen dem niggers dies on my hanâs wâiles you er gone,â sezee, âwâat is I gwine ter do?â
âAunâ Peggy studied en studied, en den she up en sez, sez she:
âââWell, ef dey dies I reckon youâll hatter bury âem. Dey is one thing you mought try, en I sâpecâs itâs âbout de only thing wâatâll keep yoâ niggers alibe âtel I gits back. You mought see ef dey wonâ eat chickân.â
âWell, Mars Donalâ wanted ter sabe his niggers. Dey wuz all so poâ en so skinny en so feeble dat he couldnâ sell âem ter nobody, en dey wouldnâ eat nuffinâ eâse, so he des had ter feed âem on chickân. Wâen he had useâ up all de chickâns on his place, he went rounâ ter his nabers ter buy chickâns en dey say dey wuz sorry, but deyâd solâ all dey chickâns ter a man in town. Mars Donalâ went ter dis yer man, en he say dem chickâns doan bâlong ter him but ter ernudder man wâat wuz gethâinâ chickâns fer ter ship ter Wimâlâton, er de Noâf, er someâers. Mars Donalâ say he des bleedzd ter hab chickâns, en fer dat man to see de yuther genteâman en ax âim wâat heâd take fer dem chickâns. De nexâ day de man say Mars Donalâ could hab de chickâns fer so much, wâich wuz âbout twicet ez much ez chickâns had beân fetchinâ in de mahket befoâ. It mosâ broke Mars Donalâs heaât, but he âlowed dem chickâns would lasâ âtel Aunâ Peggy come back en tuk de goopher offân de niggers.
âBut wâen de eenâ er de week wuz retchâ, ole Aunâ Peggy hadnâ come back, en Mars Donalâ had ter hab moâ chickâns, fer chickân-meat des barely âpeared ter keep de niggers alibe; en so he went out in de country fer ter hunt fer chickâns. En evâywhar heâd go, dis yuther man had beân befoâ âim en had bought up all de chickâns, er contracted fer âem all, en Mars Donalâ had ter go back ter dis man in town en pay two prices ter git chickâns ter feed his niggers.
âDe nexâ week it wuz de same way, en Mars Donalâ âmenceâ ter git despârit. He sont way off in two er thâee counties, fer ter hunt chickâns, but high er low, no matter whar, dis yuther man had beân befoâ, âtel it âpeared lak he had bought up all de chickâns in Noâf Caâlina.
âBut wâat wuz dribinâ Mars Donalâ mosâ crazy wuz de money he had ter spenâ fer dese chickâns. It had mosâ broke his heaât fer ter kill all his hawgs, en he had felt wuss wâen he hatter kill all his cows. But wâen dis yer chickân business begun, it come mighty nigh ruininâ âim. Fusâ, he spenâ all de money he had saved feedinâ de niggers. Den he spent all de money he had in de bank, er stoâed away. Den he borried all de money he could on his notes, en he des âbout retchâ de pint whar heâd hatter mawgidge his plantation fer ter raise moâ money ter buy chickâns fer his niggers, wâen one day Aunâ Peggy come back fum Robeson County en tolâ Mars Donalâ she had founâ de root she âuz lookinâ fer, en gun âim a mixtry fer ter take de goopher offân de niggers.
âââDis yer mixtry;â sez she, âââll fetch yoâ niggers apâtites back en make âem eat dey rashuns en git dey strenk back agâin. But you is useâ dat yuther mixtry so strong, en put dat goopher on so haâd, dat I âmagine its got in dey blood, en Iâs feared dey ainâ nobody ner nuffin kin eber take it all offân âem. So I âspecâs youâll hatter gib yoâ niggers chickân at leasâ oncet a week ez long ez dey libs, ef you wanter git de wuk outân âem dat you oughter.
âDey wuz so many niggers on ole Mars Donalâs plantation,â continued Julius, âen dey got scattered rounâ so befoâ de wah en sence, dat dey ainâ haâdly no culluâd folks in Noâf Caâlina but wâatâs has got some er de blood er dem goophered niggers in dey vames. En so eber sence den, all de niggers in Noâf Caâlina has ter hab chickân at leasâ oncet er week fer ter keep dey healtâ en strenk. En datâs wây culluâ folks laks chickân moâdân wâite folks.â
âWhat became of Tom and his sweetheart?â asked my wife.
âYasâmâ said Julius, âI wuz a-cominâ ter dat. De nexâ week atter de goopher wuz tuk offân de niggers, Mars Tom come down ter Aunâ Peggy, en paid her back de money he borried. En he tolâ Aunâ Peggy he had made moâ money buyinâ chickâns en sellinâ âem ter his Uncle Donalâ dan his daddy had lefâ âim wâen he died, en he say he wuz gwine ter marry Miss âLiza en buy a big plantation en a lot er niggers en holâ up his head âmongsâ de big wâite folks des lak he oughter. En he tolâ Aunâ Peggy he wuz much bleedzd ter her, en ef she got tiâed cunjâinâ en wanter resâ en lib easy, she could hab a cabin on his plantation en a stool by his kitchen fiah, en all de chickân en wheat-bread she wanter eat, en all de terbacker she wanter smoke ez long ez she mought stay in dis worlâ er sin en sorrer.â
I had occasion to visit the other end of the vineyard shortly after Julius had gone shambling down the yard toward the barn. I left word that the constable should be asked to wait until my return. I was detained longer than I expected, and when I came back I asked if the officer had arrived.
âYes,â my wife replied, âhe came.â
âWhere is he?â I asked.
âWhy, heâs gone.â
âDid he take the chicken-thief?â
âIâll tell you, John,â said my wife, with a fine thoughtful look, âIâve been thinking more or less about the influence of heredity and environment, and the degree of our responsibility for the things we do, and while I have not been able to get everything reasoned out, I think I can trust my intuitions. The constable came a while after you left, but I told him that you had changed your mind, and that he might send in his bill for time lost and you would pay for it.â
âAnd what am I going to do with Sam Jones?â I asked.
âOh,â she replied, âI told Julius he might unlock the smokehouse and let him go.â